brevis uses different habitats depending on the stage of its life history, with migration from sandy-bottom habitats to the shell-patches for reproduction. Males in sandy-bottom habitats were smaller, but fed more frequently and were in better somatic condition than males in the patches. brevis of both sexes in the patches were sexually mature, whereas immature males and females with unripe eggs were found frequently in sandy-bottom habitats. We discovered that this fish occurred in both rocky- and sandy-bottom habitats, but in rocky habitats, brood-caring females exclusively occurred in shell-patches that another cichlid species created. Field studies were conducted in the Wonzye population to examine reproductive ecology and ARTs in the Lake Tanganyika shell-brooding cichlid Neolamprologus brevis. Ota, Kazutaka Aibara, Mitsuto Morita, Masaya Awata, Satoshi Hori, Michio Kohda, MasanoriĪlternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) are found in several Lake Tanganyika shell-brooding cichlids. By outlining the key predictions of the various hypotheses, and highlighting how many of these remain to be tested explicitly, our review can be regarded as a roadmap in which potential paths for future empirical research into theĪlternative Reproductive Tactics in the Shell-Brooding Lake Tanganyika Cichlid Neolamprologus brevis There have been no empirical investigations addressing the key predictions of the signals of prestige hypothesis. One of the key predictions of the pay-to-stay hypothesis has failed to receive any support despite numerous laboratory and field studies thus as it stands, the evidence for this hypothesis is weak. pulcher, we demonstrate that the kin selection and group augmentation hypotheses have received partial support. pulcher as a model species and describe the key predictions and associated empirical tests. For each hypothesis, we outline the underlying theory, address the appropriateness of N. We then provide a comprehensive examination of the evidence pertaining to four key hypotheses for why helpers might help: (1) kin selection (2) pay-to-stay (3) signals of prestige and (4) group augmentation. pulcher by critically assessing the existing empirical evidence. Here we clarify current knowledge pertaining to the costs and benefits of helping in N. In particular, the freshwater African cichlid, Neolamprologus pulcher, has emerged as a promising model species for investigating the evolution of cooperative breeding, with 64 papers published on this species over the past 27 years. However, fish have great potential for enhancing our understanding of the generality and adaptiveness of helping behaviour because of the ease with which they can be experimentally manipulated under controlled laboratory and field conditions. During this time, birds and mammals have taken centre stage as model vertebrate systems for exploring why helpers help. The conundrum of why subordinate individuals assist dominants at the expense of their own direct reproduction has received much theoretical and empirical attention over the last 50 years. The evolution of cooperative breeding in the African cichlid fish, Neolamprologus pulcher.
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